Explain what sources of finance are available for small to medium sized companies and explain why they sometimes face difficulties in raising finance free essay sample

The SME (Small and medium endeavor) part is one of the significant supporter of financial development as far as Gross Domestic Product(GDP) and employment creation worldwide(IFC,2010). As per OECD(2006), SMEs had made in excess of 60% of the openings for work for OECD nations. That circumstance for creating areas are much progressively self-evident. There is no uncertainty that the improvement of SMEs is firmly connected to national economy. The development of SME division, nonetheless, presents a slowed down propensity, even downturn circumstance, attributable to the lack of getting to back. This situation may limit and prevent the improvement of little and medium-sized organizations, at that point by implication influence the countrys economy. Hence, how to financing proficiently and defeating gathering pledges hindrances for its continuous advancement turns into a key a vital part of their activity exercises. The points of this article is to exhibit what reserves raising methods could be adjusted by SMEs, at that point analyze what deterrents are looked by them in the financing exercises, and in conclusion, giving an end. 2. Assets raising sources accessible for SME 2. 1 Internal financing At the underlying stage, SMEs need to acquire capital, inside, from proprietors, family members, companions and existing accomplice or firm’s held income (Abdulaziz Andrew, 2013), because of the fact that the lack of straightforward and â€Å"hard† data, for example, changeless track records from bank, fiscal summary, acknowledge scoring just as higher elusive resources. From that point forward, they will in general look for elective sources, for example, outer ways, for financing for its encouraging in the later stage. 2. 2 External value based financing External value financing incorporates funding, business blessed messengers and open value. By and large, they are more reasonable than obligation for the youthful SMEs since they encountering capital hole and unfit to raise credits through security(Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013), because that value capital has no exceptional discount date(Ou Haynes, 2006), and without selling things for its provider. An investigation composed by Hogan and Hutson (2005) exhibits the comparative perspectives that when TBSFs (innovation based little firms) experiencing data asymmetries, particularly in its beginning up stage, they might want to slove its capital hole through value based financing rather than obligation. 2. 2. 1 Venture capital Venture capital(VC) is the assets given to firms at their initial stage to abuse its business, along these lines financial specialists mean to acquire long haul capital gains(McLaney, 2009). These days, the cutting edge little endeavors pull in more consideration regarding financial speculator, as they are bound to create interests in a generally present moment. What's more, this can be represented by an examination composed by Bozkaya Van (2008). It shows that innovation based little undertakings acquire more cash from investment than different wellsprings of financing in European. In addition, VC is a legitimate path for little and medium venture who were currently absence of changeless and compelling track records and high caliber of security (Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013 refered to by Gompers, 1995). 2. 2. 2 Business heavenly attendants Business blessed messengers are immediate speculation propelled by singular entrepreneur, as opposed to investments who are for the most part upheld by contributing institutions(McLaney, 2009). Moreover, heavenly attendants are not simply a sort of capital contributing, additionally a member venture. Financial specialists will in general effectively take an interest, as it were, in routine tasks, for example, endeavor key choice, key structure just as recruiting chiefs. 2. 2. 3 Public value Public value is a sort of moderately compelling financing path for SME in a develop stage, it principally is through the method of open enrollment to access to reserves, and with value as an arrival for speculators. This methodology very depends on a straightforward impeccable organization money related instrument. 2. 3 Debt financing Debt financing is a proper route for undertakings to raise outer capitalâ with indicated reimbursement date to restore the head and intrigue. It incorporates exchange credit, open obligation, bank financing just as nonbank money related organization obligation. Not at all like value financing which would weakens the proprietors value, and thus, may incompletely denies the proprietor of control of the firm. (Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013). Obligation financing wou ld be a legitimate methodology for SMEs proprietors to keep up full ownership just as management(Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013). 2. 3. 1 Trade credit As per Garcia-Teruel Martinez-Solano (2010), exchange credit is a paying understanding which made by vender and purchaser, that permit the purchaser to,in a predetermined period, make a conceded installment after the great or administrations having been given. Along these lines, little firms would have a generally brief timeframe to mastermind its income and in the long run conquering lack of money or assets. In addition, exchange credit would be a replacement when other financing procedures inaccessible. In other words, little and medium firms will pick up their chance of endurance. 2. 3. 2 Non-bank monetary foundation obligation Non-bank money related institution’s(NBFI) job of loaning is comparative as bank financing partly, their greatest contrasts are the method of obtaining tryout and the length of the credit terms. As a rule, the advances of NBFIs are longer than the span of the business bank,accordingly, they require higher loan fee, and progressively exacting decision of getting undertaking credit and guarantee. The other job of NBFIs are predominantly loaning by means of fixed resources or gear. 2. 3. 3 Leasing According to BergerUdell (2006), renting is that the fixed resources are bought by the moneylender and afterward credit to resident, as rental, under a pre-determined agreement which shows that the fixed resources can be purchased by borrowers toward the finish of the renting. Correspondingly, loan specialist ought to be duty of buying thing, while, resident will be answerable for upkeep of gear. Misty firms can utilize renting to help for their creation, this is on the grounds that that the guaranteeing choice isâ mainly dependent on the estimation of rented things, as opposed to ‘hard’ data, when they have restricted cash for operating(BergerUdell, 2006). 2. 3. 4 Public obligation Although open obligation is a potential method of financing for SMEs, however truly, it isn't excessively generally utilized. Since it is restrictive for SMEs to gave open obligation in numerous provinces, for example, in china. 2. 4 Bank account for SMEs Financing in bank ar e variable, it includes budget summary loaning, independent company credit scoring, resource based loaning, fixed-resource loaning, relationship loaning and figuring. Not at all like different wellsprings of bank-financing, relationship loaning for the most part relies upon the ‘soft’ data gathered from SMEs by means of legitimately nonstop access to the organizations and its proprietor performance(Berger Udell, 2006). While, budget report loaning, resource based loaning and fixed-resource loaning are very comparative in the field of assessing credits and reimbursement capacities of big business. They center around ‘hard‘ data about the organization, for example, fiscal summary, resources, fixed-resources separately, which may progressively reasonable for SMEs without experiencing data hilter kilter. In any case, private venture credit scoring essentially relies upon ‘hard’ data about both partnership and its owner, and the information about the proprietor are for the most part by means of their buyer and business credit, at that point there will produce a score after a progression of execution evaluation(Berger Udell, 2006). In any case, considering is a transient financing techniques that a budgetary organization or bank bought the SME’s records of sales with pre-determined charges and premiums (Soufani, 2002). 2. 5 Government help and activities Taking into account extraordinary commitment of SMEs as far as a nation’s work and GDP, an ever increasing number of nations execute various types of financing, for example, giving duty exclusion strategy, giving lower enthusiasm of credit and making a decent financing condition, for little and medium-sized undertakings, so as to support its abuse. 3. Explanations behind SME area confronting troubles of financing 3. 1 Financing condition Financing condition incorporates not just the budgetary, legitimate and the FICO assessment framework, likewise incorporates national economy, social condition. SME segment in a created financing condition is all the more simple to access to financing, since it gives a greater adaptability budgetary assessment framework, financing channels just as better rights security. In addition, Beck(2005) found that the improvement of the little firms are all the more handily influenced by the money related, lawful, and debasement. Furthermore, In a more grounded data framework, GDP is expanded with the expansion of bank advances, and the credit emergency and the proper data sharing measures is introduced opposite development (Jappelli and Pagano, 2002). 3. 2 Firm attributes during the time spent SME’s financing, the huge hindrance lies in its data obscure. In view of shorter activity time, and little in its size, they couldn't offer a lasting successful record of loan repayment or fiscal report, and furthermore incapable to give the top notch security, likewise drives them to financing troubles. As indicated by an examination led by Beck and Demirguc-Kunt (2006), Small organizations were 7% and 3% higher than the enormous and medium-sized undertakings as far as the likelihood of confronting financing impediment. What’s more, Fatoki and Asah (2011) reason that little and medium-sized ventures setting up over five years have a superior possibility of accomplishment in their credit application than those less in five years. Moreover, little and medium-sized firms in various businesses may pick various kinds of financing and afterward experience various degrees of subsidizing obliges. An examination ana

Myostatin Boy free essay sample

Numerous researchers accept the find could in the end lead to drugs for treating eople with solid dystrophy and other muscle-crushing conditions. What's more, competitors would most likely need to get their hands on such a medication and use it like steroids to beef up. The young men freak DNA section was found to square creation of a protein called myostatin that cutoff points muscle development. The news comes seven years after analysts at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore made buff powerful mice by killing the quality that guides cells to create myostatin. Presently we can say that myostatin demonstrations indistinguishable path in people from in creatures, said the young men doctor, Dr. Markus Schuelke, a teacher in the youngster nervous system science division at Charite/University Medical Center Berlin. We can apply that information to people, including preliminary treatments for strong dystrophy. Given the tremendous potential market for such medications, specialists at co lleges and pharmaceutical organizations as of now are attempting to figure out how to restrict the sum and action of myostatin in the body. We will compose a custom paper test on Myostatin Boy or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Wyeth has Just started human trial of a hereditarily built immunizer intended to kill myostatin. Dr. Lou Kunkel, chief of the genomics program at Boston Childrens Hospital and teacher of pediatrics and hereditary qualities at Harvard Medical School, said achievement is conceivable inside quite a while. Simply diminishing this protein by 20, 30, 50 percent can profoundly affect muscle mass, said Kunkel, who is among the specialists taking part in the Wyeth look into. Slow squandering process Muscular dystrophy is the universes most normal hereditary malady. There is no fix and the most widely recognized structure, Duchennes, as a rule murders before adulthood. The couple of medicines being attempted to slow its movement have genuine reactions. Muscle asting likewise is normal in the old and patients with ailments, for example, malignant growth and AIDS. On the off chance that you could figure out how to square myostatin movement, you may slow the squandering procedure, said Dr. Se-Jin Lee, the Johns Hopkins educator whose group made the powerful mice. Lee said he accepts a myostatin blocker additionally could smother fat aggregation and in this way foil the advancement of diabetes. Lee and Johns Hopkins would get eminences for any myostatin-blocking drug made by Wyeth. Dr. Eric Hoffman, executive of Childrens National Medical Centers Research Center for Genetic Medicine, said he accepts a solid dystrophy fix will be found, however he is uncertain whether it will be a myostatin-blocking drug, another treatment or a mix, in light of the fact that around twelve qualities have some impact on muscles. He said a mystotatin-blocking medication could help different gatherings of individuals, including space explorers and other people who lose bulk during long stretches in zero gravity or when immobilized by ailment or a messed up appendage. Inevitable medical issues? Specialists would not reveal the German young men personality however said he was destined to a nd three other close male family members all were uncommonly solid, with one of them a development laborer ready to empty substantial curbstones by hand. In the mother, one duplicate of the quality is changed and the other is ordinary; the kid has two transformed duplicates. One unquestionably originated from his dad, however no data about him has been unveiled. The transformation is uncommon in individuals. The kid is sound presently, yet specialists stress he could inevitably endure heart or other medical issues. In the previous barely any years, researchers have seen extraordinary potential in myostatin-blocking systems. Web advertisers have been peddling myostatin-blocking enhancements to jocks, however specialists state the items are futile and maybe perilous. A few analysts are attempting to kill the myostatin quality in chickens to deliver more meat per feathered creature. What's more, a few types of dairy cattle have regular varieties in the quality that, supported by particular reproducing, give them definitely more muscle and less fat than other cow. He could do the iron cross when he was 5 months old, said his assenting mother, Dana Hoekstra of Roosevelt Park. She was alluding to a troublesome vaulting move in hich a male competitor suspends himself by his arms between two hanging rings, framing the state of a cross. Liam has the sort of physical characteristics that weight lifters and different competitors long for: 40 percent more bulk than ordinary, Jaw-dropping quality, stunning snappiness, a rapid digestion and practically no muscle versus fat. Liam can run like the breeze, has the spryness of a feline, lifts household items that most kids his age couldnt push over a smooth floor and eats like there is no tomorrow without putting on weight. Liam Hoekstra was hanging topsy turvy by his feet when he played out an altered sit-up, his shirt falling ceaselessly to uncover undulated muscular strength. It was a presentation of crude force one may hope to see from an Olympic acrobat. Liam is 19 months old. The alleged myostatin barricade has produced huge enthusiasm for the lifting weights network. Some dietary enhancements guarantee to square myostatin, yet analysts have said the cases are not logically substantial. In the event that the myostatin protein is taken out, muscles develop and revive considerably more uickly,

Ace These Most Frequently Asked MBA Interview Questions

Ace These Most Frequently Asked MBA Interview Questions In a recent article published in U.S. News World Report, the warning business school applicants dread to hear is clear:If you tank your MBA interview, your odds of admission plummet. You can help ensure that doesnt happen to you by thoroughly preparing for the exchange and the hardball questions that await. Some schools are known for asking their applicants out-of-left-field questions such as, If you were a tree, what kind would you be?U.S. News World ReportIf you were a tree, what kind would you be? Its questions like this that throw MBA applicants off in their interview and create uncomfortable, unprepared moments. Photo by Todd Quackenbush on Unsplash.The article goes on to explain the five most difficult MBA interview prompts that often get asked of unsuspecting interviewees. These are:What is your biggest weakness?Tell me about a time you failed.Describe a poor manager youve had.Tell me about an ethical dilemma you faced.Tell me about yourself.So, lets look at the best way to ace the prompts when you encounter them in an MBA interview, and consider some others that also tend to be asked often.What is your biggest weakness?Before you answer this one with I work too hard or Im too much of a perfectionist, stop. Dont. Its not an honest answer and the reason the interviewer is asking it is to see how honest your response is. Obviously, you dont want to answer with I have a drinking problem or I am always late, but there are still options that will give the interviewer the sincerity he or she is looking for, as well as give you an opportunity to show that you believe in personal improvement and evaluation.The best way to answer this question is to use the moment of weakness to show your parallel strength(s). For example, if youve had a less than stellar academic record, you might say, I struggle with test taking, so my grades in undergrad have suffered. But Ive learned a few strategies that help since then and I dont foresee this being an issue in my MBA prog ram. By admitting to your weakness, youve a) answered a red flag that the committee had already noted anyway, and b.) showing that you work on improving yourself and are determined.Tell me about a time youve failed.In much the same way a question relating to your biggest weakness provides an opportunity for sincerity and showing your strengths, tell me about a time youve failed is a tricky one to answer. The interviewer is wanting a specific moment that you experienced failure, so its best to approach this one with an anecdote that youve prepared beforehand (rather than being caught off guard and on the spot).For example, you might explain about the time you needed to prepare an important presentation at work but waited until the last minute and was unable to pull it together in time, thus embarrassing your boss. Explain within in that same story the consequences you faced for that failure, and how it taught you an important lesson about having enough time to prepare something thoro ughly. Be sure to accept responsibility for your failure without pinning the blame on someone else, since this is a quality your interviewer will be looking for in you.Describe a poor manager youve had.Whether in life or in academia, you will always encounter colleagues and peers who underperform or who are difficult to work with. MBA interviewers understand this and want to see how professionally you handle yourself in these circumstances, so they ask questions like this one.The most important thing to keep in mind is that even though it might seem like it, this is not the opportunity to bad-mouth someone youve worked for in the past, so dont use it as one. To answer the question honestly, youll need to explain why someone was difficult to work with, but you should still remain as objective and professional as possible in doing so.For example, your answer might be something like this: A particular manager I had when working at [XZY company] was rarely on-site and didnt understand h ow things worked. The few times she did visit, it was rushed and she was on her phone for most of it instead of speaking with employees. I was consistently asked to bring her up to speed on things she could have learned from being on the job daily and her lack of physical presence started to become an issue for everyone in the department, especially when she gave them negative reviews.You might then follow up that story with something along these lines: I realize that her duties might have kept her from having a physical presence in the department, but it taught me that circumstances like that are not conducive to a healthy working environment.Tell me about an ethical dilemma you faced.According to the article, Situations that rest in the gray area are most effective with this sort of question, as those circumstances require leadership, nuance and maturity. This means that you need to avoid discussing any ethical dilemmas youve faced that have clear-cut answers to them, as these sho uld not have been a dilemma in the first place. For example, if your manager has sexually harassed you in the past, the harassment should have been quickly reported. There is no gray area to this situation; your manager was in the wrong.Your interviewer will want to see that you know how to approach true gray-area situations with maturity and professionalism. For a similar example, if youve been in a situation in which your employer was accused of sexual harassment by multiple women but you were never harassed, you might explain it like this:There were accusations within the department that my manager had sexually harassed multiple women. I had never been harassed by him personally but a good friend of mine had, and I believed her story. So, when I was interviewed by the investigating committee about the accusations, I clearly stated that I had never felt any level of harassment from my manager and that he seemed to perform his duties well and with integrity, from my point of view. However, I did tell them that I had heard of the allegations from accusers who I trusted to tell the truth, but I did not see the harassment take place.Tell me about yourself.With an open-ended question like this one, its easy for applicants to get off track or forget the intent of the question. Think of this question as an invitation to hear your two-minute elevator pitch as to what makes you a qualified candidate for the MBA program and what your immediate and long-term goals are. You can throw in a bit of information about your hobbies and passions in life, but rememberâ€"only hit the highlights and keep it under two minutes. Plan out this pitch before you go to your interview and know exactly what youll highlight when you give it.Plan out your elevator pitch before you go to your interview and know exactly what youll highlight when you give it. Photo by Austin Distel on Unsplash.More questions to prepare forAs promised, lets look at a few more frequently asked questions for MBA program applicants, along with some suggestions for how to respond. Here are some more of the top ones, along with ideas to clarify your answer:Why have you decided to apply to business school? (Show that youve had a solid career trajectory toward this moment and choice.)Why does this particular program appeal to you? (Do your research! Give solid, precise reasons why youre choosing this program over others.)Why should we admit you instead of someone else? (Dont be humble here, let them know what you believe it is about yourself that stands apart from others trying to get into the program.)How do you plan to use your MBA? (Have a list of both your short- and long-term goals ready for when they ask this question. You need to be able to articulate exactly what you plan to do with your degree, both while you are earning it and afterwards, including your intended career trajectory.)If you are admitted to our program, what do you think your biggest challenge will be? (Let them know that you understand exactly how challenging an MBA program will be and how you plan to overcome those challenges.)How would your colleagues describe you? (Dont use this as simply an opportunity to brag; rather, be sincere and relate some of the professional and personal qualities those who know you and work around you are likely to list. It will be an opportunity for the interviewer to see you as a person instead of just another number on his or her list of applicants.)Do you have any questions for me? (Never bypass this opportunity to find out more about the program, its history, or its direction. This shows that you are paying attention and that you have a curious mindâ€"two important and necessary qualities to make it through any MBA program.)

Dutiful Men and Their Emotional Women in the Odyssey and...

â€Å"Dutiful Men and their Emotional Women† In reading the Aeneid I took a particular interest in the relationship that develops between Aeneas and Dido and how this relationship highlights the desires and roles that each gender may have had in this time period. For example it seems the male desire is to seek his kingdom while the female role seems to secure a partner. Dido and Aeneas in Book Four resemble the relationship that we see between Odysseus and Calypso in Book Five of the Odyssey. The departure of the two men in both books highlights the women’s perceptions of what their relationships were. Looking at this comparison it is interesting to see what drives each woman and man in these situations. The departures of Aeneas from Dido†¦show more content†¦He instead, leaves Dido to continue his long-term commitment, to found Rome. Furthermore, Aeneas claims his true love is Italy and that â€Å"there lies my love, there lies my homeland now† (Aen. IV. 432) emphasising that Dido was not a priority for him, Rome was. Unlike Aeneas, Odysseus has already found his kingdom and is on a mission to return to his palace and home. However, like Aeneas, he is not reluctant to leave the woman he has been sleeping with on the island of Ogygia. Although Calypso is said to have trapped him on her island, the cunning Odysseus does not plot to escape. When Calypso relays the message from Hermes that Odysseus is free to go if he wishes only then does he start plans to leave. Like Aeneas, Odysseus â€Å"long[s] to travel home and see the dawn of [his] return† (Ody.V.242-3). His primary purpose is to make it home to his kingdom. It is clear that a woman is not Odysseus’ main focus, he states that his wife back home â€Å"falls short of [Calypso], [her] beauty, stature† (Ody.V.240). Therefore, if his main goal were to obtain a most beautiful woman he would have stayed with Calypso instead of pursuing his nostos. This example also shows that the main focus and goal of a man should be his king dom and not women. It is acceptable for women to be short-term distractions and to have relations with them forShow MoreRelatedThe Aeneid Is An Epic Poem1715 Words   |  7 PagesThe Aeneid is an epic poem written in 20 B.C by Virgil, the pre-eminent poet of the Roman Empire. It is based on the Greek oral tradition Homer s Iliad and Odyssey. Virgil seeks to establish the greatness of Rome by linking the foundation of Rome to the legends of Troy. In this masterpiece, he delicately pictures men and women with opposite characteristics. Men are rational and calm while women are emotional and chaotic which are represented by Neptune and Juno in sequence. Through this, Virgil

Impact of Macroeconomics on the Housing Industry Essay

To better understand the real impact macroeconomics has in an economy or a particular industry, it is better to define what macroeconomics is and what it attempts to study. Contrary from microeconomics which studies the impact that individuals or companies have in a local economy, macroeconomics focuses on the behavior of the economy or industries as a whole, in a national or global perspective. (Investopedia.com, 2015) However, microeconomics and macroeconomics are interdependent and complement each other. Because of the ultimate relationship that these factors have on each other, what happens in one ends up affecting the other and vise versa. Macroeconomics study changes that affect such things as unemployment, national†¦show more content†¦(Investopedia.com, 2015) Moreover, it is critical that individuals, government and corporations understand the causes of price cycles in the housing industry and how to effectively implement measures to help moderate these price cycles to maintain macroeconomic stability. According to Loungani, (2010) â€Å"Robert Shiller is well known for predicting the U.S. stock market crash of 2000–01. In 2003, he warned that U.S. house prices too contained a â€Å"bubble†; that is, they had risen far beyond what was warranted by fundamental driving forces such as income growth, interest rates, demographic change, and building costs.† (pg. 16) This is a clear example of how macroeconomic volatility affects the housing industry as well as other industries that feed off of the housing industry such as construction. Macroeconomics stability is important and it plays a critical part for the nation involved and the global community, this is why the government will sometimes use monetary policies to manipulate or stimulate the economy depending on its state. When there is a need to increase cash in the economy, the central bank or the Federal Reserve will buy government bonds and by doing so, it would cause interest rates to go down. (Investopedia.com, 2015) â€Å"Demand for goods and services will rise and, as a result, output will increase. In order to cope with increased levels of production, unemployment levels should fall and wages should rise†.Show MoreRelatedThe Monetary Value That Represents All Of The Products Made A Country Is Gross Domestic Product1742 Words   |  7 Pagesis doing and how much I should expect for my salary because if the prices have been increasing, then I would look for a job that pays higher so that I could have a comfortable living. 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The steep decline in the last 5 years has led to investigations on the future of the industry and understands the way forward for the industry. The report answers the following questions: How long is the fall in the industry going to continue? When is the recovery expected in the Housing Market? What is the future of the industry? The report is an attempt

Amazon E-Business Free Essays

Amazon. Coma’s E-Business Model Monte Sutton strayed university Assignment #2 Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course BUSSES: contemporary Business Dry. Miller Fall 201 1 Discussion 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Amazon E-Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discuss the pros and cons of Amazons growth and diversification of business and specialization, and make recommendations about what Amazon could have done differently. The internet has become a part of most everyone daily life for many years now. In addition E-Business has appeared for several years now. E-dustless refers to conducting business over the internet. E-Business accounts for more than one- quarter of the value of all manufacturing shipments, sales and revenues, totaling $1. 3 trillion (Boone ; Kurt, 2011). In 1996 a famous retail company In E-Business was launched called Amazon. Com_ Amazon. Com sells various products like electronics, books, music, DVD’s, housemates, PC’s and cars. Amazon. Com is the biggest retailer in E-Business, It has expanded Its business In more than 220 countries. Amazon had first started out as a company had first started out as an online bookstore. While selling books Amazon was making a decent profit, but Amazon leadership did not feel hat they were not making as much money as they had hoped to make tort the first year _ Also a lawsuit from Barnes and Noble prompted Amazon to come up with a way to better Its corporation. In 1999 when the E-useless boom began Amazon Went Amazon began to emerge into the world of E-Business this was the best thing they could have done. By doing this they begin to make huge profits and turned into one of the world’s leaders in E-commerce. Amazon was able to take over the E- Business because they began to offer to their customer’s better deals than the other E-Business corporations could offer. They were truly focused on customer satisfaction. The firm uses sophisticated inventory tools that help keep its costs down and allow it to wait for favorable supplier prices before placing orders. Amazon was able to restock when nobody else was restocking. As demands was falling off a cliff [because other retailers had placed holiday orders much earlier], they could get better rates (Boone ; Kurt, 2011 up. 223). The owner Jeff Bozo understood that in order to remain competitive in this business they had to first focus on the needs of the customers. Understanding what customers want and need is was very beneficial for the success of the company. Also expanded its merchandise at a lower cost would also attract more customers to order from Amazon. Another benefit of Amazon was that they had partnership with numerous transportation companies and could provide fast and accurate service to their consumers. Amazon has experienced many negatives ratings from some of their customers because of some of the defective merchandise they have received. Because Amazon has partnership with many consumers to sell their merchandise Amazon does not really know what a person may be receiving. Consumers only know that they ordered this merchandise from Amazon and if something is wrong Amazon should be responsible for the product. I fully understand their complaint. Understand the consumer’s complaint. I recently ordered a Colby MPH player from Amazon and when I got the MPH player it did not work. I looked all over the internet to try and find a contact number for Amazon but could not. I called Colby and went through some trouble shooting techniques before it was determined that the part was defective. The Colby told me to return the merchandise back to Amazon and they would replace it. Although once I went on Amazon website to find out how to return the item it was fairly easy. I felt as though instead of me returning the item back to Amazon I should have returned the item to Colby and they could have sent me a replacement item. Now I have to wait until Amazon gets the old MPH player and the they order me another one from Colby. I would recommend that Amazon find out a way to cut out the middle man so that consumers can get their replacement items in an expeditious manner. Discussion 2. Determine the impact if Amazon. Com had split up and became a family of brands (for example â€Å"Amazon† for books, â€Å"Super toys† for toys, etc. ), each with a public face but all run by the same parent company. Amazon may have lost some consumers had they would have branded themselves into a family of brands. What makes Amazon so unique is that a person can go to their one website and find everything they are looking for. The website has made so many changes to make it easier for the consumer to go directly to their website categorize what they are looking for and will e able to see Just that product. Had Amazon would have Just distinguished itself into a certain brand it would have seemed like they may have been trying to promote a certain item and this would have created competition amongst Amazon with its who truly likes ordering from Amazon. They would think that this is another E- Business that they are not familiar with doing business with. The ease of going to one website and understanding that everything at this website is all Amazon and the way that you use to order your merchandise you can still do it the same way. To any companies tend to think they are doing things to make it better for the consumer but in all actuality they are confusing the consumers. Discussion 3. Determine if it would be possible for Barnes and Noble or Borders to extend their markets in the same way that Amazon. Com has. Explain your rationale. Yes I think it is very possible for Barnes and Noble or Borders to extend their markets in the same was Amazon. Com has. The reason I feel this way is because the average American consumer we are always looking for the next best marketable company on the internet. Variety is the spice of life. At first consumers would be hesitant to order something other than books from Barnes and Nobles or Borders. But once the word get out that both these companies have become and establish E-Business like Amazon they should have no problem with becoming marketable in the E-commerce business. Not all consumers are happy with ordering merchandise from Amazon, so therefore it will take another company to get into the E-commerce business and have an established reputation and more will follow. In order for Barnes and Noble and Borders to become successful they need not to try and duplicate what Amazon is already doing in the E-Business. They need to come up with other creative ways to market their products, and also try and offer better pricing and better shipping rates than Amazon has to offer. Like anything, at first business may be slow for both companies because this is a new venture for them. But once the companies understand how the E-Business works and what customers want and need I don’t for see any problems with them marketing other items other than books over the internet. Discussion 4 Determine what Amazon. Mom would need to do to expand their distribution chain to include some brick and mortar outlets, and whether or not this would be a good idea. In order for Amazon to get into the Brick and Mortar outlet Amazon now would have to go out and find more building throughout the world and then higher more employees to run the outlet facilities around the wor ld. Now Amazon instead of competing in the E-commerce industry now they would also be competing in the store industry. By doing this would cost Amazon more money and could possible reduce the decline in sales over the internet. This would not be a good idea for Amazon for many reasons. Operation cost to maintain a building and a full time staff make up a large part of the overhead cost. Most retail stores commission are a big part of a sales person salary so therefore they may not have the best interest in the internet provides more information than the sales representative could. Most consumers now days go to a retail store and price and item then go home on the internet and get a better deal. Amazon is doing Just fine by remaining the top E- Business on the internet, References Boone, L. , Kurt, L. , (2011). Contemporary Business. Sons Inc. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and How to cite Amazon E-Business, Papers

Business Research Proposal Operations Research

Question: Describe about the Business Research Proposal for Operations Research. Answer: Introduction It has been empirically observed that the customers who purchased products from shopping mall spent lesser time as compared to stores or markets. It is also observed that customers conserve their precious time by using the shopping mall. Customers can purchase all type of respective goods at one single place with high quality and various schemes. Organised arrangement of the products attracts the customers towards the mall. For the sustainable status of the mall, customers are very essential component. Thus, their different nature and their expenditure have been examined in this research proposal. Business Research Topic The management team of the mall decides to analyse nature of the customers with respect to the purchase and expense of the products or services. Hence, the management department orchestrates a research study in order to determine the various facts related to the purchasing of goods in the mall. Another aspect to conduct this research study is to analyse the different claim of the customers related to the product or service in a specified time period. Therefore, the topic of research proposal is selected the analysis of the customers visiting shopping mall. (Bryman and Bell, 2015). Basic Research Questions The major objective for the research study is to determine the answer of various questions that arises in the process of expenditure by the customer in the mall. These research questions are mentioned below: What is the average age of the customers visiting the mall in a specified time period? What is the marital status of the customers visiting the mall and in what proportion? What is the net fraction of the customer visiting the mall based on the gender? What is the method used by the customer for payment? What type of payment method is more suitable for malls? What is the average sale by the customer in the mall within specified time period? Research Methodology and Process Selection of the appropriate methodology is considered an imperative step for the research study. The initial step in the methodology is to collect the necessary data with the help of specific sampling method. Random sampling method is suitable for the current research study, because it provides set of data from various customers from different sources in the mall and also it covers all type of customers based on age, gender, culture and status etc. (Hillier, 2006). Literature review in which the researchers can also examine the conceptual framework or findings of previous research outcomes for this study which can provide useful information to the researcher for conducting the researcher (Zikmund et. al., 2012). The collected data is then examined by the researcher by using suitable statistical tools or techniques Any null assumption in the research study must be specified by the researcher The researcher has selected the inferential and descriptive statistical method for this research study. Collection of Data and Analysis Procedure Following measures have been taken for this research study Variable selected Type of the customer /gender/age/marital status State of the customer Number of purchased goods Mode of payment Net sales in dollars $ Scale selected There are two main scales selected for this research study Nominal scale Ratio scale Size of sample Suitable size for the sampling method is imperative to collect reliable data which represents the population. The sample size is 200 for this study. The data collected from various customers is to be analysed with descriptive statistical method, which provides a detailed sets of element to express statistical representation on the nature of the spending of the customer in the shopping mall (Swarup, Gupta and Mohan, 2010). Analysis of the collected data Two basic types of the statistical methods have been adopted for the analysis of the collected data. These methods are inferential statistics method and descriptive statistical method, to determine the purchase of the products in the shopping mall (Hastie, Tibshirani and Friedman, 2001). Descriptive statistics method. The researchers will examine the collected data and expressed in terms of the average age, state of the customers, fraction of the purchasing goods based on the gender of the customer, the average spending of the customer, mode of the payment in the shopping mall. This descriptive statistics will help the researchers to determine minimum standard deviation and maximum standard deviation (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015). Inferential statistical method Several statistical tools and tests would be operated in this research study, in order to find the various claims and the expenditure made by the customer in the shopping mall. In this scenario, one sample t test, two sample t test and z test is selected for the study (Lieberman et. al., 2011). Various graphs, tables and charts have been drawled in the MS excel in order to form a quick view on the collected data and final results. Also, regression analysis has been taken into consideration to interpret the data. If required a correlation coefficient would also be deployed in the analysis (Swarup, Gupta and Mohan, 2010). Research Outcomes The final expected research conclusion can be expressed below, which can able to answer the research questions. Average net sale of the mall as per different customer profile Minimum net sale Maximum net sale Mode of the payment used for transaction Fraction of the different mode of the payment Proportion of the visiting customer based on the gender Marital status of the customer and find the relative proportion Average age of the customer visiting in the mall Distribution of the visited customer based on their residential status. References Bryman, A and Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods, New York: Oxford University Press, Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A. (2015),Qualitative methods in business research, London: Sage. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. And Friedman, J. (2001), The Elements of Statistical Learning, New York: Springer Publications Hillier, F. (2006), Introduction to Operations Research, New York: McGraw Hill Publications, Lieberman, F.J., Nag, B., Hiller, F.S. and Basu, P. (2011), Introduction To Operations Research, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishers Swarup, K., Gupta, P.K. and Mohan, M. (2010), Operations Research, New Delhi: Sultan Chand Sons Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J., and Griffin, M. (2012),Business research methods, New York: Cengage Learning.

Imagine a Utopian Analysis free essay sample

John Lennon’s Imagine, released in 1971, is one of the most famous utopias ever composed. In his song, Lennon dreams of a world in which there is no religion, no countries, world peace, no possessions and no discrimination; his utopia is a world based on equality. This song was heavily influenced by all the ongoing events that were occurring at the time of its composition. Hundreds of thousands of Americans were calling for world peace and for America to cease its involvement in the Vietnam War, in which it was killing hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians. This song that Lennon wrote is reflective of the need of many people in the ‘70s for there to be world peace and no discrimination. Lennon’s utopia features real people. In his song he speaks of hopefully changing the views and opinions of the world population, and instead of having all people worrying about what may happen tomorrow or sometime in the future, he wants them to start implementing change now. We will write a custom essay sample on Imagine: a Utopian Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Imagine all the people/living for today†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The repetition of this line in the song reinforces Lennon’s â€Å"dream† for a better world and it drills into the listener that this is what Lennon wants; a world in which people are trying to make a difference now, rather than at some unforeseeable time in the future. A common idea related to the utopian ideal of nature is that the removal of possessions could potentially lead to the end of the greed and ambition. This is what Lennon proposes in his utopia; â€Å"Imagine no possessions,/I wonder if you can,/No need for greed or hunger†. This line in the song is actually quite contentious, too. Many believe that what Lennon proposes – â€Å"Imagine no possessions† – is actually quite an easy thing for him to state because through the exuberant amount of money that he made as being a member of the Beatles, he could easily have any possession that he wanted and he would never have to endure the agony of hunger or the need for fresh water. However, others believe that this statement made by Lennon would be quite difficult for him to make and would involve self-sacrifice as he would lose all the wealth that he had gathered if his utopia was to become real. The third verse of Imagine focuses on the utopian ideal of equality. This is one of the key elements of Lennon’s utopia. He believes that through the abolishment of war, countries and discrimination in his utopia, that equality could be achieved. Through his simple wish of a world in which there could be â€Å"A brotherhood of man,/Imagine all the people/Sharing all the world†, one can’t help but sympathise with his dream. To share the world equally and for no race, creed or religion to affect the opinions of people about others would be a perfect world. Lennon’s world is just filled with â€Å"people†, not blacks, not Christians, not homosexuals, not Jews or whites, not Italians, not Buddhists; just people. And the world will live as one. † In his song Lennon also introduces a different utopian ideal to what is featured in most utopias, and this ideal is that of world peace. Through Lennon’s utopia removing countries and patriotism as well as religion, he believes that in his utopia there would be no wa rs because there would be nothing for the people to fight for. â€Å"Imagine there’s no countries,/It isn’t hard to do,/Nothing to kill or die for,/No religion too,/Imagine all the people/living life in peace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  John Lennon delivers his utopia to the listener through monotonous vocals that at time sound as if they are just droning on. However, this monotonous droning doesn’t bore the listener but instead gives the impression of someone having a dream. This, obviously, supports the purpose of the song which is to illustrate to the listener the utopia that Lennon has dreamt of. The vocals and simplistic language used also makes it easier for the listener to relate and sympathise with what Lennon’s utopia. The melody is quite personable, too. The repetition of different lines and phrases, such as â€Å"Imagine† emphasises the fact that this song is an illustration of what Lennon wishes the world to be like.

A full detail of the first and the last chapters of the movie Gladiator Essays

A full detail of the first and the last chapters of the movie Gladiator Essays A full detail of the first and the last chapters of the movie Gladiator Essay A full detail of the first and the last chapters of the movie Gladiator Essay Essay Topic: The Heart Goes Last This essay is a full detail of the first and the last chapters of the movie gladiator; it also covers 3 different topics on the chapters. I am going to explain the expressions given by characters, what director wants from audience, and the role of camera in the movie. This film is presented as an exciting epic. The central focus of the film is intended to be on Maximus (Russell Crowe) by the director (Ridley Scott) and is about one mans heroic stand against the greatness, but at the same time, the corruption of the Roman Empire. Hell is unleashed is the title of the opening scene and begins with credits to the background of flames. It then progresses to a figure walking in a long grassed field to the background of the sky and the camera in a close up, focusing on his hand, the wedding ring clearly visible showing his devotion to his family at an early stage. At this point the music is melancholy with a female soloist which carries on throughout the film. This is a situation of calm; almost like a dream. The shot cuts to a close up on Maximus face as he lifts his head with his eyes closed, as if in deep thought. This is a dramatic change of scenery from the dream like golden fields to the reality of a war stricken battlefield. The music intensity quickens and he opens his eyes, the combined intensity of the music and the clothes he is wearing make him look like a powerful warrior. The camera then cuts to many different angles but after each one cuts back to Maximus, this is showing how busy everyone is when they are preparing for battle. The music is the theme tune. The music stops to show, perhaps, the silence before the battle and the camera cuts to Maximus riding his horse, the camera dollies with the horse and the music starts and intensity slowly rises as the camera cuts to the enemy showing themselves out of the dark. The camera is in amongst the soldiers preparing for battle showing the intensity of war and the discipline of the Romans compared to the barbarians. There is a birds eye view as the battle starts and you are shown all the firepower they had at their disposal. Archers, catapults, cavalry are shown to show the technologically advanced Romans. The camera cuts to the soldiers and the front line battle. The camera cuts to a close up with the camera dollying with cavalry soldiers and Maximus, the music is very fast which reflects the actions happening at the scene. The camera follows them into war where death is shown all the way through and very graphically which shows the horror of war, as the battle comes to an end the music slows and the scene moves into slow motion. The sound effects stop completely but for the music, which is very calm and mournful reflecting the horror of the battle. In this scene the shots go from distant to close up which show the violence, anger and pure adrenaline of war. At the end of the battle ash and snow start to fall, which represents that the Romans won the battle, but with a great cost of human life, the music is very melancholy representing sorrow. The Director wishes to show the audience how organized and invincible the Romans are (on the battle field at least), how they are lacking in motivation, and in contrast how the barbarians are fighting for a lost cause and yet they will not give up. He shows this by always making the Romans look organized and goes in amongst the barracks and with Maximus in the ambush with the camera where as the camera watches the barbarians get attacked and slaughtered. Death smiles at us all is the title of the ending scene and is of possibly the most significance of the whole film. It is the scene where he two main characters die and has religious over tones from the start. It starts with the two main characters, Maximus and Comadus, rising on a platform with roses dropping from above and a gospel choir singing as if they are rising up to heaven; the camera is close up until they go out of view and then pans out to see a wooden structure that resembles a cross. This may symbolize that someone is going to die. As they rise to the top platform the viewer is shown the whole of the floor of the coliseum covered in rose petals; this shows that this is a very emotional occasion. The camera then cuts to a close up of each person of significance to give the effect of a showdown, the petals also mite look like blood on the sand of the arena. During the period of most of the fight there is no music, only other sound effects such as swords clashing; this is because there is no music that could state every emotion that the characters would be feeling and so there is no need because the event almost speaks for its self as it is of such emotional significance because it would affect so many people. Before the battle starts we see a paradox between a bad man wearing white stabbing a good man wearing black in the back whilst showing affection and hugging him, this shows that Comadus wants to become the good man in the publics (us) eyes and Maximus is very upset and his life and does not care, all he wants to do is take revenge and do the last words of Marcus Aeurileus. As the battle starts the camera dollies with them but cuts back and forth from the ground level view and in the stands which puts the audience right in the seats of the arena, this is to give variety to the fight scene and keep it seeming fast paced and keep the audience involved in the fight, it also shows the fighters perspective to the fight. All through this scene some bits are in slow motion, others blurred and some normal speed; this is because whenever any of those happened it was always seen from Maximus view and so Maximus is beginning to die and would be seeing things at different speeds. The fight is fast paced and the camera angles vary lots of times in a very short space of time to make it look more exciting than it actually was. The only sound used throughout the fight scene is that of clashing blades. The camera cuts to Maximus house once more to show that he is dying and is almost dead, the director here wants the audience to sympathise with Maximus. As Comadus dies there is no music and very gory sound effects to show the enormity of the event and the director wants the audience not to have sympathy for him. The camera then cuts to silence with the camera spinning round the coliseum to give the effect of everyone watching and reflecting on the emperors death; the music starts very slowly and builds up. The camera cuts to Maximus house again to show he is really near the end and almost with his family in the afterlife, the solo vocalist returns and then the camera cuts between Maximus and the dead Emperors sister several times before a close up on his face as he dies; the camera then follows him as he glides along the ground, with rose petals clearly visible on the floor behind him symbolizing that he is b ack with his wife and child and happy again. The camera cuts to Maximus walking in the field back to his house as in the beginning but this time in colour and then cuts back to him lying on the floor in the middle of the coliseum. The camera moves to inside the ring of people and has a close up on the emperors daughters big speech about how Rome is not worth one good mans life with a close up view on her but looking up at her to give the effect of her being big and taking over. It then moves to a birds eye view as Maximus is carried off. Next the camera shows a close up of Chimsy burying Maximus figures of his family in sand stained in blood to symbolize him being with his family as he died in the same place in the sand and they are buried in his blood. The camera then rises to see the sun going down on the great city of Rome. In this scene I think that the director (Ridley Scott) is trying to show how weak such a powerful city like Rome can be and that even though it looks so magnificent, it only takes one man to tear it apart. Language At the beginning of the movie the language is shown in text. Within the text it explains the genre and idea of the movie by explaining the situation of the Roman Empire and that the Roman Empire was at its rise (therefore the audience realizes something is going to happen to the Roman Empire). But through out the whole movie the language is shown oral. Main characters such as Russell Crowe use very much of a wise-men language; this means they make influential speeches in the movie, which portrays their character in the movie. The barbarians and the Arabs are shown that they do not speak the same language as the Romans; therefore there are the bad and the roman language is the good. Music The music through out the movie is very downhearted and melancholy. The music expresses sorrow and sadness. At the beginning the movie starts with music and it ends with music, perhaps they are both parts of the same song because the tune seems to be the same. On the other hand there is a music theme for the wars and fights which is a more militia music type to show the expressions and give the feeling of war and death. Symbolism In this movie symbols were very much involved. Symbols such as robins to show winter, bad people wear black dirty and good people wear bright and clean, the bad dead body is on the floor in the arena and the good body is carried of with honor, a ring is shown to show devotion to family, flowers are always shown to show emotions, in the wars the catapults were shown to show the technology of the roman empire and Comadus is shown with a baby face which symbolizes a child, not an emperor. Many different symbols have been used in this movie to give hints or id

Proposal on Energy Management Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Energy Management - Research Proposal Example So, one sees US invading Iran and Middle East to get its hands on the oil reservoirs, Pakistan shifting from natural gas to coal and other countries following the same pattern (Fawkes, 2007). Another reason energy management has gained so much importance in the past few decades is because the world as a whole has undergone industrialization largely (Beggs, 34, 1999). From industrial revolution to the internet boom of 90s, there are very few economies left, which have not adapted to the change and these economies are either isolated or agrarian. All the rest of the economies have adapted to the change that the industrial revolution brought, and therefore are heavily reliant on industries, machineries, factories, and technology for their very subsistence and sustenance. More, these industrial economies need magnanimous amount of energy resources to run their respective economies without crashing (Moss, 28, 1994). Thus, energy management and optimal usage of this energy turns out to be the most pressing concerns of the economic systems around the world (AEE, 89, 1991). Out of all the energy resources, oil and gas serve to be the most widely used and thus the most significant ones of all. With their easy accessibility and efficiency of usage, economies have strived to never run out of these two energy resources. However, in the light of recent economic recession, many economists and observers think that the production of oil and gas is falling short of their respective requirements. This paper is an attempt to propose some guidelines for oil and gas industries to come at par with the growing demand of sustainable energy round the world and to highlight its importance. As the proposal suggests, the exploration and production of oil and gas needs acceleration in order to come at par with the current demands. Literature Review As one seeks to understand the mechanisms of energy management, two very important terms come up. Energy Intensity: It is a measure of energy r equired per unit output. Thus, using less energy to derive a product reduces energy intensity. Energy Efficiency: Inverse of energy intensity, energy efficiency increases when the given units of output results from diminished levels of energy input or a given level of energy is followed by an improved level of output or the service intended. Thus, energy intensity increases when energy efficiency is reduced and vice versa. As one compares different industries that produces materials for energy production, one finds that all industries are subjected to change. The changes can be structural like a shift in the product ranges from higher energy-intensive to lower energy-intensive or behavioral depending on the target market and their fluctuating inclinations. It is now important to turn to the issue at hand: how can oil and gas industry learn from other industries with regard to efficient energy usage and production efficiency? As a template, it is ideal to juxtapose China’s flo urishing coal industry to America’s oil and gas industry; and bridge connections and comparisons between the two. One of the main features of China’s coal industry is that it is a home industry and China manufactures all the coal by itself. This reduces its imports by a great margin. On the other hand, US economy imports coal from gulf regions and is therefore highly dependent on other countries for its economy (Petrecca, 45, 1993). Another important factor to consider when

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Proposal - Essay Example Like the students, educators also want to feel safe, secured, respected, and well - supported. Rooney (2003) suggests that â€Å"the wisdom of the good school must be worked out by those who live within its walls† yet there are so many issues in education which varies from highly qualified staff to unsafe school buildings and all areas in between. According to Weissbourd (2003), "schools can best support students moral development by helping teachers manage the stresses of their profession by increasing teachers capacity for reflection and empathy.† Another concern addressed by disenfranchised educators is the lack of state and federal funding to secure an adequate education. â€Å"School districts in poor rural communities have suffered funding issues for generations† (Borman, 2003); however, under public interest, the concern for teachers’ satisfaction oftentimes goes unnoticed. A qualitative random sample will be drawn from 20 K-12 public school teachers representing Dillon County School District Two. Survey and interview questions will be distributed to each educator. The researcher will then analyze the data using the appropriate statistical method. A. Problem under study: Lack of safety and salary as well as unsatisfactory administrative and parental support are the causative factors in the decline of the teachers entering the classroom. The problem addressed by this study is the significance teacher job satisfaction on student academic achievement. F. Data Collection Procedures: Survey forms and questionnaires comprising 10 questions will be distributed to 20 K - 12 educators from 6 schools in Dillon County District Two. This one week study consists of surveys and interview questions that will highlight on teachers’ satisfaction and students’ achievement. Problem Statement: The lack of teachers’ safety, salaries, and unsatisfactory administrative and parental support are the causative factors for teachers’

Chips Food Industry: Marketing Analysis

Chips Food Industry: Marketing Analysis Integrated marketing communication program for CHIPS: Executive summary: Various CHIPS industry such as Lays, Uncle chips, and fun pop etc. design various integrated marketing program. Although common objective of all IMC program is increase brand awareness, sale and design a unique image in customers mind. In order to address and attract customer all chips industry launch various campaign. To communicate with public and customers they advertise their campaign on TV, magazine, online and radio. Through their advertisement they want to design their brand image in customer mind. Besides advertisement, they also carried out promotion activity, public relation, direct marketing etc. Direct marketing is although time consuming but most effective tool for communication. Various chips industry also organizes various events in order to communicate properly with customers, for example Lays company was planning to launch a new taste called â€Å"GIVE US YOUR DILLICIOUS FLAVOR† for their customers. Main purpose of this event is to increase the variety of chips . Before designing IMC program this company carried out market research in order to judge customers behaviors and taste toward chips. For research they design the strategy for chips event. During the event they decided to get feedback from customer who visits retail outlet so that appropriate primary data can be collected for designing IMC strategy for â€Å"The HUB†. Before designing integrated marketing communication program it is necessary to judge consumers behavior toward chips , it is necessary to known customers liking and disliking, these data provide various support during designing of IMC program. Although there are various media available for communicating but Print ads in magazine and news paper is seen most effective medium followed by television. After Research survey done by various chips company, it has been found that oldest peoples were less brand conscious than youths. There is no particular taste trend about chips among oldest peoples, but youths are more conscious towards chips market. â€Å"Tastes† and â€Å"varieties† are the major attributes considered by customer while buying chips. Marketing plan plan Situation Analysis: Every organization faces a lot of problem at present time so it became necessary for every organization that before setting any objective carried out situation analysis in order to recognize strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in our organization. According to Sally and John, marketing plans are â€Å"the written document or blueprint for implementing and controlling an organizations marketing activities related to a particular marketing strategy†. A successful marketing plan is able to improve organizations profits and growth, uses in objective setting and monitors results. So to gain a successful market plan it is necessary to understand the current situation comprehensively and trends affecting the future of the organization. There are two major reasons to explain why situation analysis plays a vital role in developing marketing plan. Firstly, dynamic marketing environment will lead to uncertainty, threats and opportunities for marketers. Marketing managers who success to know changes in environment through situation analysis can lead their companies to capitalize on opportunities and cope with threats created by changes. Then, systematically analyzing situational environments in order to identify our customers and understand their needs and taste. There are certain opportunities in chips industry, such as increase people taste, increase market and market share through integrated PR, and advertisement and promotional campaign. Besides opportunities there is a lot of threat that create barrier for entry in chips industry. These threats are as follow: Too much competitors in the market Mainly prefer to old brand. High price and loyalty decrease loyalty toward brand Main objective behind situation analysis is to known analyze customer, competitor and there strategy. Marketing objective: After situation analysis we became able to known our organization strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in environment. It provides a lot of support in setting of objective. There may be a lot of marketing objective, some are as follow: Increase market share To Launch new variety chips with new flavors. Increase sale by 50% in 6 month from the launch of public campaign Create awareness among target audience. Use excessive advertising especially using media preferred by the target market. Create product belonging and position among buyers mind Marketing strategies : To achieve these objective we implement various strategy. Target market: Urban personality: Affluent institutes Prosperous young professional Students and cosmopolitan Mainly for the youth Gender: male and female Age: 5 to 40 years Marketing Mix Strategies : Main aim of various chips industry to produce high quality chips in different-different ingredients such as SPICY, BUTTER, SALTED, LEMON. This is mostly done to capture youth attention. They produce chips in different ingredients to capture more market share. Must of chips brand such as lays, uncle chips, bingo, fun pop jump in to Indian market by producing high quality of chips. Form that alls lays captured very high share in the market. Pricing range from 3 to 40. Chips do not need too much promotion. It is done mostly by fair, E commerce and agent The distribution channels for chips industry are as follows. MANUFACTURER (COMPANY) WHOLESELLER CHIPS SEND TO RETAILER CUSTOMER Internal Process It is as follows. Import Potato Cutting Fried Wrapped flavors Withdraw wastage Finishing Dispatched to store Packing and containers Samples of Product; Implementation tactics : Launch a blind ad campaign on billboards and magazines in all A class areas of major cities and magazine. Heavy advertising on TV, newspapers and magazines Set displays in buses and major dealer outlets in all cities. Reduce number of billboards, television and magazines advertisements. Continue Advertising Evaluation, Monitoring and Control: Goal of marketing plan is to achieve market objective that are established before implementation of marketing plan. We evaluate and control our strategic tactic by comparing our result with standard established before setting of plan, by measuring customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. If result is less than our standard than there any is default in implementation and monitoring. The people who are responsible for the monitoring and control of the marketing plan involves, the Marketing Executives, Sales Managers, Media Managers, Market Research Departments, and the Production Managers. Some activities must be carried out for precisely and closely evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies and tactics for example the gathering and structuring of data regarding market, product, consumers and the pricing trends, then the generation of daily sales report should be maintained and then in the end continuous reconfirming of the marketing budget and activities by the managers of different divisions. The Integrated Marketing Communication Plan Integrated Marketing Communications is a term used to describe a holistic approach to marketing communication. It aims to ensure consistency of message and the complementary use of media. The concept includes online and offline marketing channels. Online marketing channels include any e-marketing campaigns or programs, pay-per-click, affiliate, email, banner to latest web related channels for webinar, blog, micro-blogging, RSS, podcast, and Internet TV. Offline marketing channels are traditional print (newspaper, magazine), mail order, public relations, industry relations, billboard, radio, and television. A company develops its integrated marketing communication programme using all the elements of the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) So Integrated marketing communication is integration of all marketing tools, approaches, and resources within a company which maximizes impact on consumer mind and which results into maximum profit at minimum cost. Promotional activities include Advertising, sales promotion, and personal selling activities. It also includes internet marketing, sponsorship marketing, direct marketing, database marketing and public relations. And integration of all these promotional tools along with other components of marketing mix to gain edge over competitor is called Integrated Marketing Communication. Situational analysis : First of all we carried out we carried out situation analysis in order to understood problem. In this we identify our competitors and their strategy for example Lays carried out competitor analysis and find out various strategy adopted by other chips companies e.g. lays, uncle chips, kurkure , Fun pop, oho yes . After situation analysis Lays company found that customer wants a new taste in chips and needed a change in strategic direction. Management responded to the increase its manufacturing plants offshore and by introducing a new taste of chips in the market. Under situation analysis we also analyze financial position of company. IMC objective : There are various IMC objective set by jeans company after situation analysis in order to accomplish their goal. Some of objective are as follow: To Increase sale by 50% in six month To Increase brand awareness To Increase customer loyalty To Increase desire of customer To Increase repeat purchase To measure customer satisfaction To create relationship with customer on personal level To control and observe public opinion To receive feedback from customer on regular basis Media objectives state the impact that you expect to have on an audience in terms of reach and frequency. Objectives must meet the following criteria: Measurability Quantifiability Realism time-specificity Budget determination: We need to establish what amount of money will be needed to achieve the IMC objectives.Although there is various methods present to determine what amount of money invest on IMC. These methods are as follow: Affordable Method Percentage of Sales Method Unit of Sales Method Zero Budgeting Method In affordable method we invest money on IMC as soon as we can afford. However in Percentage of Sales Method amount of money invest on IMC tool depend on what amount of sale we expect to achieve during course of year. These percentages are mostly adhoc and sometime based on judgment. In Unit of Sales Method Company allocate a certain proportion of cost of product to promotion. Thus say if ex factory cost of the product is say Rs 10/ the company will allot Rs.100/- toward promotion cost. Hence if company expects sale 30000 unit of the product, thus allocated IMC budget will be Rs.30,00,000/-. In Zero Budgeting Method, company determine what need to achieve in term of sale and then rework backward in term of what money will be needed to be allocate to deliver those customers. Thus if company believe that in order to achieve their sales, 30,000 customers need to purchase their chips once during the planning period than it will work out what number of prospective customers will needed to be targeted through ATL and BTL activity, in order to achieve that result. IMC Methodologies There are various component of integrated marketing communication that is as follow: Advertisement Advertisement is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas or products by an identified sponsor. Objective of any ads is to increase brand awareness. Objectives: There are mostly three objective of advertisement campaign, that are as follow: Inform Persuade Remind 1. Inform: Informative advertising, seeks to tell the market about the chips, explain the new quality added in chips, provide information on pricing, and build awareness of both the chips quality and the company. Such objectives are normally pursued at the launch of a new quality chips, or re-launch / up-date of an existing chips. 2. Persuade: Here objectives are to encourage the target audience to switch brands, make the purchase, and create a preference in the market for the chips as opposed to its competition. Advertising of this nature is required in highly competitive markets, where a ingredient of chips flavor competes directly with each other. In such circumstances businesses often seek to differentiate theirs chips through Comparison Advertising either directly or indirectly comparing its chips to that of its competitors. 3. Remind: Reminder Advertising, is used to maintain interest and awareness of a well established chips brand in the market, often in the latter stages of its product life cycle. It is often used at the Point-of-Purchase to remind consumers of the Brand. Advertisement budget: Having identified advertising objectives, the advertising budget must be set. Determining exactly how much a business should spend on advertising to achieve the desired level of sales. Commonly, the decision is based on past experience of expenditure on advertising, and the sales subsequently achieved. There are however a number of factors that can be considered in setting the advertising budget Factors influencing the setting of advertising Budgets: Product life cycle stage: New products in the Launch stage of their Product Life Cycle, will normally require greater expenditure on advertising to create product awareness, and encourage consumers to trial the product. Whilst products that have reached Maturity in their product life cycle, will often require smaller advertising budgets to achieve the level of sales required. Competition: The number of competitors in the market, and their expenditure on advertising competing products, will influence a business to spend to a similar or higher degree. Product Differentiation: A product very similar to other products on the market may require greater expenditure on advertising to differentiate it from its competitors. Advertising Strategy: Developing an Advertising Strategy to achieve the objectives of a campaign, requires that consideration be given to both the ‘Message which will be communicated and the ‘Media through which it will be sent Advertising Message An advertising campaign, no matter how much money is spent, no matter what media is used, will only be successful if the Message appeals to the target audience. Given the level of advertising which bombards the average consumer, a successful advertising message must stand out amongst the advertising clutter. Thus marketing professionals are required to be creative, imaginative and innovative in developing the advertising message, both in terms of what is said, and How it is said? What is said This is often referred to as the ‘Big Idea, and will normally address the key benefits sought by the target audience, motivating the audience to pay attention. Given the constant search for new ways to appeal to target audiences, it is difficult to categories the content of advertising messages which a business may send.. How they say it During delivery of advertisement massage in customer mind take the taste symbol, and various flavors as consideration. In addition the tone of the advertisement will need to be established, which can be either positive or negative. The advert may therefore promote positive feelings of fun, contentment, and happiness or take on a more negative, somber, or even threatening tone. Selecting Advertising Media: In addition to deciding upon the content, style and tone of the advertising message, the media through which the message will be communicated to the target audience must also be selected. Mostly for chips advertisement we select media such as magazine, newspaper and outdoor. TV rarely used for advertisement of chips. In order to select the most appropriate media, consideration must should be given to various advantage and disadvantage of various media. Strengths and weakness of various media are as given below: Television : Strengths Dynamic attention getting media, combining visual, sound and animated stimulus. Strong potential Impact High market coverage Good at demonstrating products Weaknesses: Highly expensive Poor at communicating lengthy technical information Newspapers: Strengths: Targeting is possible through profiling readership Good level of market coverage Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Potential for poor reproduction, sometimes limited to black and white print Short-life span, i.e. todays newspapers become tomorrows rubbish Magazines: Strengths: High quality reproduction, of color images Targeting is possible through specialist publications Good pass on readership Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Lengthy lead-time between advert being placed and magazine being published Outdoor: Strengths: High repeat exposure to advert Relatively low cost Low levels of competition, in terms of advertising clutter Weaknesses: Limited audience selectivity / targeting possible Static media, not suitable for product demonstrations Difficult to monitor effectiveness Sale promotion: Sale promotion is collection of various consumers and trade promotional tool such as rebate, discount, gift, contest, coupons, price deal, contest game, sampling etc. to increase sale of products. There are certain objectives of sale promotion. However main objective is to increase immediate sale because Sales Managers are under great pressure to produce results quickly. Objective: There are certain objectives of sale promotion that are as follow: To increase immediate customer sale To increase support among the marketers sales force. To gain the support of the trade in marketing the product Reasons for Growth of Sales Promotion: There are number of reason for growth of company in sale promotion some are as follow: 1. Increasing Competition Due to increase in competition, companies are finding it increasingly difficult to compete on quality. They are therefore resorting to more innovative methods of sales promotion. In order to have a competitive advantage over its competitors like lays, uncle chips, kurkure, oho yes, fun pops once a year has a grand sale of up to 50%. 2. Customers Have Become More Price Sensitive: The increase price sensitivity is direct result of rampant inflation. Economic support this trend further, as a result customers and dealer became more sensitive toward price. If the customers believes in on lays then he definitely buy the new chips but customer buy it when our product provide high quality with cheap rates. 3. Sales Promotions Generally Create an Immediate Positive Impact on Sales: Advertising, personal selling and other methods of promotion produce slower impact on sales in compared to sales promotion. Sales promotions are mostly for short duration, for a specified period, leading to a sense of urgency in consumers to buy now. This creates an immediate positive impact on sales. 4. Products have become more standardized: In many product categories there is proliferation of brand or line extension and me too many brands. Most of brand perceived by consumer varies little in price. Due to this it became very difficult for advertiser to reposition their product in customers mind. Due to which they focus on more and more on sale promotion to get immediate result. 6. Advertising Has Become More Expensive and Less Effective: All the advertising media have become quite expensive. Audio-visual medium, which is considered as the most effective for short-duration ads, may cost in excess of Rs. 1 lakh for a 10 second exposure during prime time. In many cases, consumers have reached a point of boredom due to excessive advertising on TV. Firms with small budgets cannot compete with big companies, which spend huge sums of money on advertising. For these small budget firms, sales promotion is a more cost-effective promotion method to produce sales results. 7. Trade Has Become More Powerful: At present time Retailers and wholesalers have became more powerful and demand extra facility from company to promote their product. Company has no other alternative. Besides these there are also various kind reason such as Excess Stocks, Impulse Buying Is Increasing, Sales Promotions Maximize Profits etc. Promotion Strategies: Promotional strategy is mostly run to change consumers behavior, to increase brand image, to increase profit, to increase sale of various good. There are mostly two kind of sale promotion, one is directed toward consumer and other one is directed toward trade such as dealer, supplier, retailer etc. Consumer sale promotion tool: there are a lot of promotional tool used to increase sale. Consumer sale promotion is directed toward consumer. It stimulate consumer to purchase their product rapidly. There are a lot of tool that are as follow: Price deal: Price deal is temporary reduction in price of product. There are two type of deal: one is buy in bulk and second is extra quantity. Coupon: A coupon is typically a printed certificate giving the bearer a stated price reduction or special value on a specific product, generally for a specific period. Various company issue various kind of coupon that contain various discount price , customer get the advantage of this discount and get chips at free of cost. Offer: There are various kind of offers given by various chips industry. For example buy 2 chips and get 1 free. or buy 3 and pay for 2. That types of schemes provided by the chips industries. Premium: sometime various companies like Lays, kurkure etc. offer some gift inside the chips packet or at bargain price to encourage customer buying. Sampling: Some companies when launch a new taste of chips in the market, before the launching, sample of chips is to be taste in the market. If that sample is being liked by the peoples then it launch in the market. Advertising Specialities: Advertising specialities also call a promotional product. It mostly given to our loyal customers. It includes various card like birthday card, New Year card. It is mostly done to retain old customer. And this cards is provide to retailers for the customers. Trade sale promotion tool: Objectives of Trade Sales Promotion: Gain/maintain distribution Influence resellers to promote product Influence resellers to offer price discount Increase reseller inventory Defend against competitors Avoid reduction of normal prices There are various sale promotion tools that stimulate trade to promote company product. There are a lot of trade sale promotion tools some are as discussed below: Trade Allowances: Trade allowances are short-term special allowances, discounts, or deals granted to resellers to stimulate reseller to rapid purchase of their product. Point-of-Purchase Display: Point-of-purchase displays are generally used at the retail level to call customer attention to a featured product. In this company employees observe every retail shop and those retail shop that display more company product will be winner of special gift or prizes. Trade Shows: A trade show is periodic, semi periodic public event at which supplier displays their chips product and provides information about chips quality and price to buyers. After implementing these different techniques of sale promotion we monitor result and evaluate these by comparing with objective set before implementation of plan. Public relation Public relation is nothing but creating a favorable relation for organization and product which is done through used of various communication channel and tool. So public relation is mostly done to improve the image of company and build good image in customers mind. So public relation may be define as â€Å"Public Relations is a set of management, supervisory, and technical functions that foster an organizations ability to strategically listen to, appreciate, and respond to those persons whose mutually beneficial relationships with the organization are necessary if it is to achieve its missions and values. Objective: like other aspect of marketing, public relation is also used to address several broad aspect of marketing like: Building Product Awareness When introducing a new product or relaunching an existing product, marketers can use a PR element that generates consumer attention and awareness through media placements and special events. Creating Interest: Public Relation create public interest to used the product at least for once time. Providing Information: Through the Public relation we can provide a lot of information about company activity and their product feature and service provided by company. This information is delivered to public through newspaper, article website, collateral material; PR helps in delivering information that helps to public in understanding the product feature. Stimulating Demand: A positive article in a newspaper, on TV, news show or mentioned on the Internet, often results in a discernable increase in product sales. Reinforcing the Brand: In many companies like lays, kurkure company the public relations function is also involved with brand reinforcement by maintaining positive relationships with key audiences, and thereby aiding in building a strong image. Direct Marketing Direct marketing is business of selling company product directly to customers through mail order, telephone, fax, e-mails, or web selling, rather than through retailers. Objective: There are mostly to objective for which direct marketing is carried out these are as follow: Convert not user to user. It is mostly done to obtain new client. The identification of new potential clients is very crucial when it comes to recruit new prospects and transformed them into your clients. The perpetual loyalty of customers. A loyal consumer cost less than new customers. Strategy: Various chips industry like Lays, kurkure involved in direct marketing to get more market share. These companies sent a mail-order catalog to approximately prospective customers. 100-page catalog, developed in-house, targets childrens, men and women and also contains 10 pages devoted to home products. There are various tools for direct marketing these are as : Direct mail, Telemarketing, Email Marketing ,faxing, Voicemail, Couponing, Direct response television marketing. Measuring and Evaluate the Planning process: Reason for measuring IMC performance: There are various reason, due to which it became more necessary to measure performance of IMC. These reasons are as follow: Since a lot of money is required for advertisement and promotion and other marketing activity. So it became necessary to evaluate whether such invest generate any return or not. After measuring the performance it became able to understand where I am. So it help in choosing the most effective alternative. We carried out IMC performance evaluation to eliminate unproductive strategy. It also helps in estimating whether objectives are achieved or not. Evaluation of IMC planning process: Evaluation of an IMC plan is not easy because often communications effects are difficult to measure. At times they may not even have a direct impact on sales or profitability; effects may be delayed, etc. Therefore it is important to set the objective or â€Å"standards for measuring performance† in specific, measurable terms to make the evaluation possible. After doing all these now its time to evaluate the performance, the performance is satisfactory as they have imagined because its quit difficult to enter into the chips industry but after this they have achieved their objectives and satisfy their customer by providing the new taste with reasonable price, different flavors, and ingredients. Manager has to measure the actual performance either through consumer surveys or sales figure. Sales have been increasing day by day. Their market share also increased. Brand image is increasing because their strategies are up to the mark so they got success to satisfy their customer towards their new product Manager got to know these outcomes by comparing actual performance with set standards of new product. These steps also helped out to take further decision or plans.